Jessor:
ài.e. premature sex/smoking/marijuana go together
3 systems affect the youth
Dangerous behaviors:
behaviors that our society doesn’t like
Problem: Jessor spoke of a hard group: druggies/sexually promiscuous/etc…
àinteresting note: those kids also do
a lot of sports
Kandel: ‘Developmental stages of involvement in substance use…’
His question: How do Youth come to hared drugs?
Answer: if you pass
a gate, it is easier to go to the next one
-if you already smoke cigarettes, it is easier for you to start marijuana, etc…
Take Kandel’s stage theory and tries to applied it to criminals
àcriminals also go through increasing
stages of crime
Stage 1:
àcould be very young – 3 or 4
Stage 2
Stage 3:
Stage 5
-similar to above stages, just
also as an element of ages.
Problem: they
don’t deal w/ other kinds of crime
Gotterson and Hershy –‘Control story’
-‘Criminological theory’
-no stages in this theory
-everyone has an element of crime
àeveryone has an hedonistic drive
Question: what stops us from fulfilling this drive?
Answer: there are social
regulations
Social components which hinder the hedonistic drive:
àour conformity to those social components regulate out hedonistic drive
àjust like Jessor: conventional behavior
theory.
Hershy: less
social regulation = more non-conventional behaviors
| -read section
2: 1,3,4,5 Answer questions:
|
| Answer:
Eliram: This is an extension of the Maslow’s pyramid –physical àb/f psych. -physical: stealing -psych needs: violence basic The stealing is instrumental for this. 2) Once the primary one is satisfies, you move to the next one Violence is a higher need
–for status Landau
-each culture has a diff. standard of ‘crime’… i.e. Japan has no big prob. of crime as we know it, but other forms which are unrecognizable to us. -he uses the ‘frustration-aggression’ theory, which claims that the more frustration àmore aggression àlandau claims that frustration could
be replaced by stress. So that when rthere is more stress, there is
more aggression. (stress, i.e. situations, i.e. economy/security) -arabs have more violence: cultural/more stress/worse economy -immigrants àsame prob. àgruzini Marcus‘social violence’ 2 ways to use violence
àsocial violence: functional to get something ài.e. attention/help -though people perceive it as a threat and not as a call for internal help àtherefore,
they call the police and not social worker Sruk1) more violent kids prefer games with: -random results -no set rules 2) the games show the socialization process. -there is no diff in way that the physical games b/w violence and non-violent kids play or the knowledge of kids àthere is a diff in the order –the
acceptance of norms -aggressiveness is the most standing-out trait of violent kids àcross-situational
|
8) getting personal gain: social status/dealing w/ failure/acceptance into crowd
--> Jaha:
youth doesn’t feel the dangers -->they do dangerous acts b/c they
give short term pleasure.
Study: Youth asked why they’re engaged in those dangerous behaviors?
-->answer – it is fun/experience/etc.
-->didn’t relate to the
-long term study: grade 6 asked to relate to certain dangerous behaviors
-->those
related to as fun, were more likely to be tried by them later
-anti-social behavior was the only one which was not dev. in the kids. Defined in high in danger -->b/c it was also defined in low in fun
-->main
issue in starting danger b/h is probably the element of pleasure
-true is violence as well – if person defined it as low in fun: it won’t increase
-adolescence is a very stressful period:
-other possible stressors:
-family/bad neighborhood/dealing w/ friends
Lazarus/Folkman:
dealt w/ stress
-2 main sources of stress:
-->chronic stressor: more significant
-->more
chronic stressors -->less functionality of the adolescent
Kompos et al:
There are individual stress
sensitivity.
5 factors in the sensitivity to stress of the adolescent
-->how our parents deal w/ their stresses help us define how to deal w/ our stressors
-->dependant personality –more infl. by loss
-->dominent -->loss of job
-->etc.
Relationship b/w stress and danger b/h
-->good for things that you can’t change – i.e. loss of parent:
-->indirect
dealing: socializing: ‘Shiva’
-->sometimes a and b can
go together
Lazarus 2 ways of indirect dealing: Symptom vs. soul
-->dealing w/ symptom: i.e. taking a pill
-->soul:
dealing w/ internal/emotional issues: changing views/seeing psych
-even small kids use both
-they aren’t better than the other – just appropriate in diff. doses for diff. cases.
-More wounds in adolescence
-changes in body –faster than perception of body (?)
àindication of a change in b/h
àjust
like a reaction to traffic change –takes a moment
-Stress/Behavior/Injury
-stress changes b/h
-b/h leads to injury
àin prolonged stressor àclumsiness b/f wedding
Furry et at.
-1 yr study –stressful events
un a yr. Vs. b/h/drinking prob. in youth
àmore stressors –increase in addictive substance –smoking/alcohol/drugs
àincreases the stress
‘addictive
substance’ –things that are illegal for the youth
Rapordi:
-an environment of stressors – decrease in:
àno
pre-acquired cognitive experience to deal w/ stressors
-Extreme social introversion –way for kid to deal w/ stress – though it actually increases stress/depression
-kids who have trauma =fear to go to school
àuse of fantasy to gain a sense of control
of the world
-trauma –could be even a
movie seen as a stressor
hard time dealing w/ new info
cognitive confusion
memory loss
b/h prob.
stubborn thought
provocation – to get attention
made up illness – to stop parental fights
learning prob.
-Deviance = a way to defend ourselves from self-rejection
àwe feel bad about ourselves =a threat
to us
àwe live in an achievement –oriented society.
àalways something missing
àif
our drive is medium, we can deal w/ it, i.e. study hard to get better
marks
-there is also emotional abuse
– tell the kid he is nothing/etc.
Btw: when we
call the kid something, it is usually more a reflection of our selves
Self-rejection/extreme low self-esteem –leads to deviance as a defense
-i.e. addictive behaviors –though the form of deviance is individual.
| Coping technique | |
Original way |
Deviant way |
Avoidance-bottling up |
|
| Dealing w/ problem | Violence –will encourage
ind. to attack problem in a negative way.
i.e. stealing/violence/vandalism
àour property is symbolically a part of us. àdestroying/taking it =an attack on the person |
| àthose acts will make ind. feel more S.E. –i.e. when someone laughs at me, at least they speak about me | |
Study: same kids – grade 7-10 longitude study
-low self esteem/self-rejection –correlation to deviance coping
-correlation b/w pre-deviance coping type and post-deviance coping type
i.e. avoidance vs. dealing w/ prob. (see above)
-Violence/murder/stealing =result of a sense of metuskal
i.e. fighting over respect/girlfriend
-diff b/w neglected and ‘liberal’
àtoo liberal = neglect
-sometimes, ‘liberal’ = guise
-i.e. that he’ll be the best/pressue i.e. to play an instrument
-telling the kid that other parent is bad
-problems –already in kindergarten
àwhen parent hits hit – shows that I can’t control kid –not enough control ability
->I have to attack others b/g they attack me.
Olwous: the first to study violence – in 1978 in Sweden/Norway
Characteristics of violent youth include:
Basad: 3 kinds of trouble-makes:
àat
first –popular, but w/ time, their popularity goes down
àhome/schooling problems
àthey might be abused somewhere, so they b/c abusive somewhere else
àvery unpopular
à18%
--
-Among themselves, kids make distinction b/w accepted and unaccepted violence
-most kids use violence in order to get a social status
àthough if they use proactive aggression, it will work against them àthey will be isolate
àthough
at first, they are popular, they lose it. They might remain w/ few friends
w/I the larger social class.
-when society rejects a kid
(socially) àyou
have to understand not only why the kids reject him, but why he is the
one being rejected
-studies show consistency in violence over time.
-i.e. school/marriage
Sullivan: (1947): self-image: the picture one has of oneself:
-result from experance/background/traits/
Rogers:
Self-image: total
sum of all what a person defines as himself: property/traits/body/etc.
In both Rogers/Sullivan: environment
is a critical factor
4 main factors in self-image
-the older the kids is, the
more he realizes that there are diff. scales to which he measures himself.
-self-image is a result of social relationships: we use others’ reaction of us to evaluate ourselves.
àthe kid interprets it and then internalizes
its understood message.
Gofman:
Often, we b/h according to how we think others expect of us
àself-image
-therefore: each place – we have a diff. mask
àmore flexibility = good
ài.e.
that experiment w/ the jail. àpeople got into the role so much that
they had to cancel the experiment
Gofman: youth are very egocentric
2 reasons:
Rosenthal: gave
more time for students who (the teachers were falsely told) that were
smarter than others.
-you get hints from teachers
àalso by comparing to friends
-failure –infl. self-image
àFreud/Erikson: that is b/c at elementary school that is where you establish your self image
-same math-leveled kids – if their marks were the same, yet lower compared to other
àlower self esteem/self-image
symbolic interaction (gofman)
identity theory
-the self-image mirrors social roles
àthat allows the kid to define who he
is
Who am I as a:
àjust like the diff personalities of diff. situations àjust now, we see that there is a hierarchy – some roles are more important than others.
àand the hierarchy changes with time.
-i.e. at one point, my role as a mother –nmore imp than role as a worker. That could change when the kids grow up
-self-image: not only based
on self-interpretation, but on how we evaluate the position of the role:
how well we fare in that role: are we a good mother or not.
Also influences:
2 limitations:
-we look at the same facts:
if we have negative interperetation: we’ll focus
Identity theory:
-parent/child relationships infl. final well-being of child
-i.e. hug/kiss
àreflects good evaluation of the child
àimproves his self-image and coping
strategies
-even though there are other infl. in adolecence, i.e. other friends, parental relations are still very imp!
àmore imp. Than school as to the sense
of satisfaction of life!
Ross/Dunns found
that in high-school, there are 3 positive groups and 1 negative group
-the kids are aware of where
they stand.
-in the 4th group, you get negative feedback àthey accept the negative tag that society gives them àthey make it part of their identity.
àand through secondary deviance, they
reinforce their position.
Bem:
-We look at out behavior in order to assume who we are.
Relationship b/w Low self esteem
and crime
-people prefer predictability àeven if they’re negative
àyou prefer a negative future rather
than an unknown future.
-in criminally inclined kids:
from the start, they assume a predictable lack of academic success and
therefore don’t try
-people who have a social ‘criminal’
tag, have a lower self-image.
Erikson:
The importance of self-identity
(vs. confusion of roles) in the adolescent age
Massier: 4 kids of identity
-social commitment – i.e. schooling/family of his own
àthe
main factor is having a crisis or not: it dev.’s person’s abilities
-crisis: w/ yourself/family/etc…
Questions
Gender identity diff.
-therefore, men’s achievement
of intimacy is their goal for the stage.
--
-study of kids: 12-17
àfemales
are more infl. from parents than the boys, who were more infl. by their
achievements.
-in junior high àlower self-esteem, yet in high-school it goes up
--
‘the possible me’
-my perception of myself in the future, which lead to action
àwhat we strive to be.
àif it is a bad perception, we’ll try to avoid it, yet if it is good, we’ll try to achieve it.
-When an adolescent fails in achieving the ideal, he associates goal w/an unworthy cause
àyou might turn to non-conventional way to achieve things
Victims
-phenomenon of people always falling victim to violence.
-study (w/I a school): in England, at age 7 say that they sometimes b/c victims 36%
àsimilar
in Israel
àdecrease w/ age.
-at 18, non, since
the gangsters are usually a bit older, and they are the oldest ones
in the school!
-to victimization has very
hard consequences: 36% consider their experience as scary.
-8% of boys/2% of girls: had
chronically effect on their daily routine: can’t concentrate in school/thinking
of what will happen to them during recess, etc…
-victims have a higher rate
of addictive druggy b/h and dangerous b/h
When does the attacker attack?
higher risk of being attacked goes up if the attacker thinks that the victim provokes on purpose (also increase in prolonging and strength of attack)
the victims looks like others which the attacker sees as victims
àif I see all Jews as victims, I would blame/attack them more
if in the past, the victim gave in, the attacker is more likely to attack
if the victim didn’t show signs asking to stop the attack, it is more likely that the attacker will attack again.
-studies show that victims of things like rape, is repeated
àStudies also show continuity in victims of violence in school
Olweus:
Took kids b/w grades 6-9
àfollowed them up until 23
àmost
of them didn’t continue to be victims.
àwhen
they were more free to choose their surroundings, they freed themselves
from the victimizing situation
Those kids were no longer:
-victims seem to have a lack of social experience
àbut at 23 they do have!!!
àalways dev. healthily in the end
-Olweus: the victim
always dep. on situation – not on the person
Approach #2
consistency of victimization.
Studies show:
-Many are able to relieve being a victim once the situation changes
àyet
others keep on being victims:
Victims tend to be:
Some claim a closed circle of::
low self esteem, which needs more social attention, but he’s more rejected: lower self esteem àvicious circle.
The victims are degraded, yet they assume that they are really so bad
àlowering of self esteem
àironically,
they are the one who need social support
2 ways which victims were diff. during adolescence
-even though that after adolescence,
they weren’t victimized:)
-->they have internalized
some of their tags
--
Shwartz et al:
-30 games teams of 6 boys who didn’t know each other.
-ages 6-8
-researchers knew who is likely to be victims
-->after 3 victim: they already
were in a victim situation
-when you have a first case of victimization, you are fearful to continue the positive relationship
-->will continue to be a victim
-->those who see it as steming
from external sources: easier to change.
--
Alweud:
Ages 8-16: victims were fearful also in school/family
Oversensitive/quite/lack of
sent-confidence/isolated/
-see themselves as failure/stupid/unattractive
-after attack: withdrawn/quite
-they are usually physically
weak
-some studies show that they are in fact w/ more problems
-->physically weak: most common
-Others studies don’t
-victims tend to spend a lot of time by themselves/or in small groups
-->don’t
play games, but rather conversation
-when in bigger groups, there is less likelihood of attack
-->easier
to be attacked
-Usually go mreo to partents
until they see that it doesn’t stop -->then they stop complaining
themselves
Kinds of victims
Important: -common to all of the victim is lack of social skills
11.12.01
המשך 'קורבנות' –
דחייה חברתית
היכולת להשתלב בסביבה החברתית, היכולת להיות במשא ומתן עם חברים
ילדים בגן – קבוצת המכונסים, מאופיינת בצורת משחק פחות בוגרת, חברים פחות פונים אליהם, נטו להיות מאוד אגוצנטריים (לא מנהלים מו"מ ובעיקר בנושא חפצים), כשביקשו כבר משהו החברים דחו את בקשותיהם. מבקשים בקשות עם "מחיר" נמוך, חלק גדול מהבקשות הם לתשומת לב.
מחקר / דודג'
קבוצות של 8 ילדים
שלא הכירו ובדק מי הופך להיות דחוי חברתית.
מצא ש : אלו ילדים אלימים, עוינים מילולית,
עסקו פחות בשיחות חברתיות ופחות נאים חיצונית.
מכונסות
בילדי גן עד כיתה ב' נמצאה קשורה למרכיבים
של חרדה ופחד, כניעה לחברים וחוסר יכולת
לנהל בהצלחה דילמות בין אישיות. במחקר
אורך נמצא קשר בין מכונסות בגיל הגן לבעיות
מופנמות בכיתה ה. מיומנות החברתית הנתפסת
בכיתה ב' נמצאה קשורה בצורה שלילית מובהקת
לתחושות של בדידות ודיכאון בכיתה ה.
ילדים בגילאים מאוד צעירים (גילאי 6) בוחרים
להתאבד – דימוי עצמי נמוך, בדידות גבוהה.
ר
צ ח
ארה"ב.
ב 50 שנה האחרונות המגמה של גורמי מוות אצל מתבגרים השתנו מטבעיים להתאבדויות ורצח, 80% מכלל מקרי המוות אצל מתבגרים בגילאי 24-15. בשנים 90-63' עלו שעורי הרצח בכלל האוכלוסייה ב 104% ואצל מבגרים ב 286%. בקבוצת בני 19-15, שעור העלייה היה 372%.
ישראל. (1991)
שעורי רצח נמוכים
בשליש מארה"ב. נמצאת במקום הרביעי
בשעורי הרצח של בנים בני 24-15, בהשוואה לשאר
המדינות המתועשות. שעורי הרצח גבוהים
פי 4 אצל בנים לא יהודים בגילאי 19-15 מבנים
בקרב היהודים.
ארה"ב.
במעבר מהתבגרות צעירה 14-10 להתבגרות מאוחרת 19-15, גדלים שעורי התמותה ב 300%. שעור השינוי ברצח בין גילאים אלה הוא יותר מ 400%. שינוי זה הופך את הרצח לסיבת המוות השנייה בגילאי 24-15, ולעיקרית אצל שחורים בגילאי 34-15. (אצל לבנים זה יותר תאונות דרכים). מתבגרים ובוגרים צעירים הם בעלי ייצוג יתר הן כקורבן הרצח והן כרוצח. 1991- גילאי 24-10 מהווים 22% מכלל האוכלוסייה, הם מהווים 33% מכלל קורבנות הרצח ו 55% מכל הנעצרים.
מתברר שיש הבדלים באוכלוסיות המתבגרים :
מה מוביל בעיקר לרצח? קטטות
רב מקרי האלימות לא נוצרים בסביבת פשע, אלא נוצרים מוויכוח בין מכרים. 40% מהרצח מבוצעים ע"י מכר, 15% ע"י בן משפחה, 12% בידי אדם זר.
ב 60% מהמקרים יש מעורבות של אלכוהול ובמידה פחותה סמים.
זמינות כלי הנשק
היום גדולה יותר ולכן קטטות הופכות למוות.
59% מהרציחות מבוצעות ע"י נשק, שעור הרצח
בכלי ירייה בגילאי 24-10 עלה פי 5 במהלך
השנים 63-90'. ובאותה תקופה שעור הרצח שלא
בעזרת כלי ירייה הוכפל.
בסקר שנערך בארה"ב
21% מגילאי 18-14 נשאו נשק לפחות פעם אחת בחודש שקדם לסקר, מכיוון שחשבו שיזדקקו לו במאבק. 3% מכיתות ג-יב דיווחו שאיימו על אחר עם סכין או אקדח בביה"ס. 55% מאלו שמביאים נשק מביאים סכינים ותערים ו 11% מביאים אקדח. בים יותר מבנות, נוער לא לומד נושא יותר נשק, בעלות על אקדח נמצאה קשורה להיותו של המתבגר חבר בכנופיית נוער, השפטות בבית משפט, מכירת סמים, השהייה או סילוק מביה"ס ותקיפת אחרים.
מספר הימים בהם נשאו מתבגרים כלי נשק היה קשור ל 3 גורמים:
אם אתה מאמין שיש לך מטרה חיצונית בחיים אתה יכול להיות מחוץ למעגל האלימות.
חשיבות הלימוד
– כמה השכלה היא חשובה.
המצב בישראל.
מחקר של רמי בנבנישתי 2000-
3.7% מתמידי ביה"ס היסודי, 4.1% מחט"ב ו 5% מתיכון ראו תלמיד אחר עם נשק. מבין תלמידי חט"ב 2.7% הביאו נשק חם, ו 5.5% הביאו נשק קר. נשק אחר כמו אלה או אגרופן – 4.2%.
ראיית תמיד אחר עם אקדח / החוקר יוסי הראל - מחקרים פעם ב 4 שנים. 1994, 3.7% מתלמידי ביה"ס יסודי, 4.1% בחט"ב, 4.9% מהתיכון.
הבדל בין יהודים וערבים-
13% מהיהודים נשאו נשק כלשהו בחודש שקדם לסקר,
23.3% מהתלמידים הערביים נשאו נשק.
s
--
next class: date rape àread ‘3 first ones of next section’
-main factor of death from
1 to 44 are wounds (of any kind –also car accidents/fights/murder)
-at ages of 15-24: 78% of all
deaths are b/c of wounds
-death from wounds lead to
most potential years of life lost
-violence is responsible for over 1/3 of deaths from wounds
àbut
we don’t know h/m wounds there really are b/c they don’t all get
treatment or get reported.
Estimation: 100:1 proportion
-100 easy wounds to 1 wounds leading to death
-in 1994, study asks kids h/m
fights/wounds
Need medical attention:
àMain Idea: diff in gender and age
àthere is a decrease in fights w/ age, but in girls, there is a smaller decrease in more serious wounds!
àyou
are more able to say that girls who fought as grade 6ers are problematic
in the future than boys in grade 6 who fight
Possible conclusion:
there is a serious core b/h prob. w/ girls –prostitution/drugs
-school –where most fights are.
-70% of physical attack
-54% of all the incidents of crime (i.e. muggings/etc.)
-43% of all the attacks w/
an intrudig obj (gun/stick/knives/etc)
study: rami ben-benishti (with zehiri/ashtor)
-report of unserious wounds
American study:
-boys: fight more w/ acquaintance or friend
-Girls: w/ family member/boyfriend
àgirls are in violent contact w/ a daily figure: more problematic/pathological
--
-Immigrants are more involved in violence than non-immigrants
-->in the diff. b/w arab and J. pop: the more the violence is violent, the more the gap is bigger.
-13% J. brought weapons to school
-23.3 of Arabs
Ben-Benishti:
Also Found this diff. in Elementary school.
-->more
reported weapon in Arabs:
Compared to Jews, Arabs have more:
Jews report more:
-the average Israeli student is infl. by violence
-1/3 o elementary/junior high
-¼ of high school
-Avoided going to school at least one on the way to school or on the way to school in the last month:
-More than once:
-We don’t have much stats from Israel
-->more stats in US
-youth 14-17 is 6% of US population
-->30% of arrests in rape/murder/robbery/attacks/
-1/3 of violent acts end in wounds
-about a 1/3 of all the violent
crimes are done w/ weapon
Victims think that intruder is under infl of alcohol/drugs:
1/3 of attackers
¼ of robbers
Adolescent – double as likely
to be attacked
-12-24/Hispanic/black – most
likely to be attacked
January 8th, 2002
-only began to be used as a term in the 70s
àpioneer of the term was Oulways
-study began in Scandinavia àthen
in U.S./England and only later in Israel/Japan
Definition:
-being exposed to negative b/h, physical, or mental of one or more people
àterm
only applicable when there is an imbalance of power! Not when
there is equal power
there is a diff. b/w
-in 1973 study (oulways) –
10% of boys are involved 5% as victims/5% as harassers
-from total amount of kids
– 5% are involved in hard-core hooliganism
gender
numbers
age
-60% of kids who were recognized as hooligans in grades 6-9 had criminal file by age 24
Examining addiction in Adolescence sex crime/rape
Rape under infl of Alcohol in the victimWhat kinds of research does she deal w/? what are the results that they find? What are the reasons that relate alcohol to attacks? What are the results of
the Mir and what is his claim? College rapeSum up the results |
-today woman have to change ways (i.e. where/when they go/ the way they dress)
Rape: sexual attack – sexually intimate situation to which a person is in w/o his will
àunwanted actions being done – uses
sex for power/control
Date-rape: rape by the guy who was in a meaning w/ victim
-happens is all pop. but mostly w/:
adolescents
College students
-most rapes are by the Boyfriend/family member
àmost cases, victim knows the victim
U.S.A. national study
-51% of rapes = 12-20 yr. old victims
1/3 of male students admit to undressing a girl
½ touch hip/breast of Girlfriend w/o will
54% of girls experiences
at least 1 kind of sexual harassment since age 14
-victim often blames themselves
study:
-112 girls b/w 12-12 yrs. Old
8% -experienced rape by stranger/older family friend
23% -victims of sexual abuse by Boyfriend
6% -other sexual attacks
-hard to know exact % b/w not
all date-rapes are reported
-adopted kids: more abuse of
all kinds
-stranger: reported little àfamily
member –less àBoyfriend even less
-many date rapes are not reported
b/c often, it is even seen as rapes by the victim
-in date rape, the fact that he’s known, and perhaps, previous sexual acts were made, might reinforce her sense the it is not a rape, and therefore might not be reported
àestimation: 5% report date-rape
-from beginning, rape victims have stigma placed on them
àb/c system is so hard to go through, victim b/c more of a victim after complaining
-very common w/ adolescents àyet it is not spoken about that much
àhere, the attacker is also the adolescent
àalso,
the attacker is part of a system of a relationship, it is not always
seen as rape
Study
-449 high school students
-57% agreed: it is easy to
assume women’s intentions/personality by her clothing style
Study 1995
-about 300 high-school students read about a date rape
à Then each shown a picture
one of the ‘victim in provocative clothesàblamed victim more/not seen as rape/rationalized more
one in non-provocative
clothes
àno
dif. b/w boys/girls’ reactions
study
-high school kids: was being friendly to a boy seen by him as a license
for a sexual approach?
à2/3 said yes
study
-Watching porno/reading erotic
stuff àincreases
aggression
Study: movies
sexual = most violent reactions
violent =some violent reaction
documentary
-aggression porno = worst
-more porno = more disregard for rape situation/victim
àin both genders
Study
sex
violence
violence/sex
#2/#3 – used more to get sex
àkey = violence
àtherefore, rape = power
àattacker doesn’t accept others’ will
àuses
rationalizations
Key problem in porno: males make women as set victims
-movies w/ violence towards
woman reduces men’s view of woman’s suffering at to violence in
general
-also – adolescents need
to ‘prove’ himself to the guys
àtheory: b/c we live in a feminine motherhood world, at a certain time, boys need to detach himself from females and get a male identity
àTherefore: does actions to prove that he is not one of ‘them’àin some cases, including violence against the others (i.e. females)
-not change woman’s b/h
àbut rather teach:
norms
values
respect
empathy
violence towards self
-includes:
alcoholism
anorexia
suicide
-started in eastern worlds àLatin
America àthen
spread to rest of world
àalmost
every place is vulnerable to drugs
-drugs are used more frequency/intensely
Easy drugs
hashish
marijuana
Hard drugs
heroine
cocaine
LSD
6 groups of hard drugs
narcotics
depressants (of brain activity)
activators
hallucinators
barbanic
uniques
Jessor: things are interrelated: if he does drugs/alcohol, there is correlation to things like violence
-Kids who got involved into
brawls or carried weapons – often had alcohol.
-some think that there is a direct connection b/w alcohol/drugs and violence
ài.e. if you smoke, you b/c more violent
(?)
-Heroine in the form of crack, makes b/h more violent
àsame thing w/ alcohol =makes antisocial
b/h (after a certain threshold)
Problem: they
are lab studies – not real studies
Goldstein: there is a conceptual model to explain the connection b/w drugs/violence
3 steps:
-More addiction = more crime
-according to Goldstein: the connection b/w drugs and violence is not direct
àb/c they are violent b/f the drugs
-unlike
jessor
-in murders – the connection b/w drugs and violence is stronger
-the factors involved in drugs/drinking – also involved in violence
àjust like Jessor
ài.e.
family situation/school/peers
-despite drugs/alcohol: b/h
is biggest influencer of violence
Amounts of addictive substances
-adolescence is the transient period:
àbeginning of alcohol/smoking/drugs
-in adolescence:
biggest % of starters (ànot % of users)
drinking/drugs: learnt in adolescence
through the usage is bigger
later in life
Study – Yossi Harel: 1994 grade 10-11
Boys: 46%
Girls: 39%
Boys: 40%
Girls: 30%
10% used illegal substances
8.5% used weight-loss/sleep/arousal pills (not for medical purpose)
5.7% of boys
0.7% of girls
study in Rahav
-doubling of illegal psychoactive drugs (age 12-18) from 1991à1995
àexcept hashish àages 15-16 is most users
-from grades 6-7 to 10-11:
Boys:
Grades 6-7 – 17.7%
Grades 10-11: 46%
Girls:
Grades 6-7: 6%
Grades 10-11: 35%
àvery
rare that girls catch up to boys
Drinking:
Boys:
Grades 6-7- 38%
Grades 10-11: 43%
Girls
Grades 6-7: 15%
Grades 10-11: 28%
-when do people start drinking?
-adolescence: age: 13-14
àparallel to junior high
less parental watching
more pressure
he feels he can do more
as an adolescent
-studies find that the average American adolescent increases alcohol consumption from age 11-18 by 94%
àregular drinking/smoking increases drastically b/w 13½ to 15½
àcheaper/easily
accessible than other, heavier stuff.
European studies-boys
use more addictive stuff than girls, yet this tendency is changing
Swedish study: women drink as often, but not as much quantity
àbut she gets just as drunk, b/c it
infl. more, b/c of lower body size
-still, heavy drinking is more acceptable for men than women
àcauses stigma for adolescent girls
but not for boys
-for
boys: drinking increases self-image, but decreases girls’ self-image
cross-cultural studies:
-comparing countries w/ cultural
element of wine to those w/o those cultural elements
-i.e. in Spain: kids get access to wine w/I a family study
-13-14yr olds in Spain: drank alcohol more
à20% got drunk at least once a year
-smoking = less è50%
-also in Israel: new pubs go
up: change of culture!
| Read:
-Read: #4 – winkler ‘assi parties/LSD -read #1 smiking w/I youths -Yehezkeli –usage of drugs -leket-1995 :drinking/driving of adolescence -michaeli: violence under infl of alcohol -simanim vetmuta |
-deals w/ alcohol
3 stages from first attempt to addiction
access to drug (usually social settings) to try it out
learning process how to deal w/ it àtechniques for optimal usage
àat certain point, it is no longer for pleasure but for avoidance of pain
àmore from social smoker to smoking
by your self
bodily changes for physical adaptation to addiction
-sharp switch from Hashish to Heroine/cocaine
àLSD/ecstasy returns
àb/c of acid parties (from 1992)
Violence – often b/c of low self-esteem -->self-hatred
-->make
reality hell for yourself-->then use addictions to escape it
parents
-we seek ways to get their love
-family relations also effect
addictions
dunkens et al.
-family coherence (as seen by the adolescent) effects addiction
-->more coherence -->less drugs/alcohol
-->also starts later
-marital problems of parents = clear/direct correlation to kids’ addictive b/h
-->sometimes the addiction
causes the marital problems (cause/effect = not clear)
attachment
Secure attachment: know you have someone to rely on when you have problems
Anxious attachment: unclear if parents are there for you: hard to separate from mom, but angry when she returns
Avoidant attachment:
feel parents are never there for you. Won’t cry when mom leaves/ignores
her when he returns.
Anxiety/avoidant = more likely
to be addicted
4 main parental styles
authoritarian vs. allowing
accepting vs.
rejecting
authoritarian: limiting/controlling
allowing
= autonomy
gaistzman
-the more liberal (allowing w/I limits) = more similar the views of kids/parents (i.e. towards drugs)
More authoritarian parents: less similar views =more rebel against parents
-more traditional/conventional family: more parental infl on kids
-->less
drugs
-the tolerant/accepting mom
= also more tolerant to problematic b/g
conclusion:
-Too much/too little control over kids = higher usage of addictive b/h
-->curvilinear
Dahar et al.
-family –has direct/indirect infl. on kids’ addictive b/h
-->this remains true even after peers infl. Is taken into account
-->family
infl. the peers chosen
bad relationship w/ parents: more room for kids to choose friends
-->could
lead to having deviant friends
Johnson/adina
-NJ, longitude study
-1280 kids 12-18
-->kids go to drugs/alcohol =parents = rejecting
-->especially dad
-oinut of parents =
LSD/Marijuana
conclusion:
-there is a correlation b/w parental styles and addiction
-->more empathic environment
= reduces addicted b/h
Other indirect ways that infl. addictive b/h
1) living w/ family friends who does drugs -->parents don’t watch him as much -->could do drugs
2 )feeling of decline in academics
-when both biological parents
are there = less marijuana
Study
-when compared 14 yrs. old
addicts in 2 parents family vs. Family where 1 parent is sometimes missing
especially:
divorce/death in family
especially same sex parents
-->more addiction
-->kids in emotional stress
parents not as available as b/f
divorce –creates new
borders
-the known world of kids is
no longer there -->new borders
Study
-the increase in usage of addiction of kids in non-standards families
-->b/c of early responsibility
Divorce: effects dependant
on age/gender
Adolescence:
Boys = more drugs
2nd marriage = girls = more drugs
b/f adolescence
no infl on drugs
-->but most important:
style of relationship
Parents’ views:
-parents w/ more positive views t/w drugs = more drugs
-->even
when kid thinks that his parents are against it
Study:
-parents who were more adamant against alcohol, yet drank alcohol
-->kids drank alcohol
-->same w/ cigarettes
Boys =more infl. by dad
Girls =more infl by mom
-->siblings also infl.
-beyond direct role-model of alcoholic parents, there is also indirect infl. on kids
-->less clear rules/less control
-->bad parenting
Genetics
McGo et al.
-took adopted kids
-significant correlation b/w:
biological mom/daughter
Biological dad/son
No correlation b/w bio parents and kids from opposite gender
No correlation b/w
adopted parents/adopted kids
Conclusion:
-genetics, and not environmental/situations
-despite no connection of drinking
b/w adopted parents/kids, there is a connection to drinking of non-bio
siblings of same gender!
-->proves
that siblings infl more than parents
Socio-demographic studies:
-family atmosphere is more
imp. Than demographic factors.
אנורקסיה
לקרוא מהרשימה - ח1 (אפטר,1997), 4 (חקלאי), 5 (פינוס). באנגלית ח6 (apter) - הממצא העיקרי, האוכלוסייה, ההשערה, הממצא. ח7 (grandell ), 10 (wills).
חומרים
ממכרים - ז 3 גרין, 4 וינקלר, 5 טייכמן6 יחזקאלי,
9 מיכאלי.
אנורקסיה נרבוזה (אובדן תאבון עצבני), היא הפרעה פסיכיאטרית המאופיינת על ידי דיאטה קיצונית, ירידה במשקל ,הפרעה בתדמית הגוף ופחד עז מהשמנה. אנורקסיה, כמונח, קיימת 120 שנה, אך רק בשנים האחרונות החלו לעסוק בה באופן מבוקר ומסודר. ישנה עלייה לאחרונה בשיעור המקרים, זוהי תופעה חדשה האופיינית לתרבות השפע של ימינו.
מאה 4 – ג'רומה הקדוש המליץ לתלמידתו שחברותיה תהינה חיוורות ורזות מצום, זה נחשב למידה טובה של סגפנות. אחת הנשים מתה מהצום. הקורבן הראשון הידוע של האנורקסיה.
895 ואילך - הסיפור על בת המלך הפורטוגלי שהובטחה למלך סיציליה, והיא מגיבה בהתנגדות לנישואין (רוצה להישאר בתולה) והחלה במשטר צום וסיגופים על מנת שגברים לא ירצו בה. לפי האגדה מתחיל לצמוח שער על גופה, תסמין אנורקטי.
1694- מורטון מתאר את תהליך המחלה אצל צעירה בת 18, וקורא לכך דעיכה עצבית.
1874 – Gull קבע את המושג אנורקסיה נרבוזה, ותאר את הדיאטה והפסקת הווסת כמאפייני המחלה.
1873 – תאר לסקו את מה שקרא לו 'אנורקסיה היסטרית', שם הדגיש את העיוות הקוגניטיבי במצב במחלה (אופטימיזם אין סופי, שלילת המחלה).
1908 – מתוארת לראשונה האנורקסיה לספר הרפואי.
1914 – פתלוג גרמני ממנתח ניתוח לאחר המוות אנורקסית, ומגלה אצלה הרג של בלוטת יותרת המוח. מאז ועד 1944 ניסו לבדוק קשר זה, הביולוגי.
מאז 1950 – נחשבת כהפרעה פסיכיאטרית, עם הסתעפויות גופניות, יחד עם הדגשים הגורמים המשפחתיים ותרבותיים בהבנת המחלה. הנקודה המרכזית בפסיכו-פתולוגיה של האנורקסיה נחשבת כהפרעה בתדמית האגו, ומתבטאת בהרעבה עצמית. אנורקסיה הוגדרה על ידי ירידה במשקל ואובדן ווסת.
מאז 1990 –
1 ממאתיים סובלת מהמחלה. היום האנורקסיה
כוללת יותר סימפטומים : פחד מלהיות שמן,
הפרעה בתדמית הגוף, הפסקת ווסת (אצל נשים),
וירידה במשקל מעל 25% מאז תחילת הדיאטה.
95% מהמקרים התסמונת מופיעה אצל נערות (5%
אצל נערים), כששיא הופעת התסמונת היא גיל
14, ולכן חוקרים חושבים שהאנורקסיה היא בעיה
בהיפרדות בין גיל הילדות להתבגרות, לעומת
בולימיה ששיאה בגיל 19 נתפסת כבעיה במעבר
מגיל ההתבגרות לבגרות. מהלך המחלה איטי,
כשהדיאטה תופסת תאוצה עם הזמן. בדר"כ
סיבת ההתחלה של הדיאטה היא אירוע שפגע בדימוי
העצמי של הבחורה, כאשר כשההרעבה מתחילה
גם מתחילה פעילות גופנית מאומצת מאוד.
עם המשקל לא יורד מספיק מהר, ואם הסביבה
כופה האכלה, היא מתחילה להשתמש בהקאות יזומות
ומשלשלים. מצבה הגופני בשלב זה מתדרדר,
כשב 25% מהמקרים ללא התערבות טיפולית זה
נגמר במוות, וזה האחוז התמותה הכי גבוה
הקיים ללא טיפול מכלל התסמינים הפסיכיאטריים.
Read 3-6, 9
Anorexia: weight
phobia/distorted self-image
Nullender: 2370 normal female adolescents and found that 25% of 14-yr-old thought that they were fat. 50% at age 18.
àcan’t be that 25% gain so much weight àmust
be perception
-7% of boys thought that they were fat (in both age categories)
-18-yr
old females X4 more dieting than age 18.
first reduction of junk-food/carbohydrates
knowing the caloric diet of every thing
still denial: I’m not anorexic –I am just keeping my weight
purge of energy/adrenalin during beginning of diet
family starts to sense that something is wrong
denial: she doesn’t deal w/ the comments of not eating enough/too skinny
starts to hide the fact that she’s not eating
sometimes -beginning of bulimia
or other things that make her lose weight (unnaturally, usually)
Food disgusts them –
only sometimes occurs, and in extrene cases
physical exercise is excessively thought of
too much energy
too much adrenalin
often, nowadays,
the main symptom: ridiculously intense exercise
-Australian researchers: a bunch of anorexia people lose weight through intensive exercise
àalso found in sport players/ballet
dancers àsome
jobs have more anorexics
characteristics of anorexia
autonomic system slows down
heart beat probs
lower blood pressure
lower body heat
‘batzekot’
hair loss
baby hair around body
almost every body organ can be infl.
completion include:
stomach gets smaller/larger
blood clotting
stop of periods (b/c of lack of period)
even when no loss of weight
loss in sexual drive/will (also in men)
usually in cases w/o bulimia
could hinder puberty
-there is a diff. b/w loosing a certain amount and loss w/o stopping.
àno satisfaction
àbody image is never fixed
àkind
of like delusion
-the problem is also somatic:
can’t sense body: i.e. hunger/thirst
-psychotic elements similar to other psychotic problems
sharp changes in mood
sleep problem
can’t see the gray àjust black in black/white
obsessive-compulsive acts
adamant
compulsive stealing (stealing
for the sake of stealing –w/o a real need for object)
characteristics of the sick (anorexia)
gender identity problems
psychiatric studies
shows that the sick have clear thinking, at least in initial stages
of sickness àno
cognitive probs.
-so see how bad the anorexia
is: measure the diff b/w perception and reality
in the beginning of diet, she feels enslaved
when diet b/c a fast, she starts to feel power àyou can control your body
when it b/c chronic/bulimia
start/realization that fasting doesn’t give her the power àbeginning
of depression
àfeels
helplessness àjust like the hysteria of previous
centuries: feels helplessness
anorexic families:
doesn’t allow kid to develop his own interests
yet very achievement/competitive
àvery pushing about what to do
àwhen she reaches puberty, she doesn’t have tools to deal w/ the new stage
ài.e.
in terms autonomy
-socialization of helplessness and dependency
àasking mom what to do
-typical for anorexics to be achievement oriented
àachievement is of high value
àthat is why many come from middle-class
àbut
history of economic insecurity, where their economic standards are better
than their parents/grandparents
-in those families: insecurity of their newly-found economic status
àtry to maintain it status, which often falls on the female
àgot
to keep family name.
-their achievements don’t raise their self-esteem – they feel that it is done for others
àself-esteem – extremely low
-culture teaches women to serve others at expense of their own needs
--
-gender identity problems: wants to be the boy that the parents never had
àanorexia: brings her to pre-puberty stage, where she is similar to boys
àshe
might explicitly say that she wants to be a child and not a women (i.e.
b/c women are biased against/etc…)
-in Anorexia: relationship
w/ mom is usually strong ài.e. mom has probs. W/ husband, so
she goes to anorexic child (she might not admit the marital prob.)
àOften,
mom blamed, b/c she couldn’t give child independence enough
-usually, anorexics’ moms
are very skilled, yet gave up job for family
-anorexia in older women: seen
as continuum of a childhood problems
-anorexic men are 5-10% of all cases.
àusually,
those who have fat history. (unlike women, who usually don’t have
a previous fat history.)
-usually get involved in sports in which you need to be skinny: swimming/soccer
-others have roles in which
they need to deal w/ their external image (i.e. waiter/actor)
àthey push themselves beyond ability àobsession to lose weight.
àin men, the onset age is height (end
of adolescence/early 20s)
-Anorexic men have a sexual-identity conflict: haven’t consolidated their sexual-identity
àhomosexual conflict
àin
homosexuals: many more anorexic men àb/c there is more emphasis on image
Stressors which lead to the onset on anorexic
-even if it is genetic, it won’t be expressed, unless in the right conditions
àtherefore, biology won’t explain everything, despite recent emphasis on it.
more eating disorders than average family
17 x more drug/alcohol usage
emotional disorders
-neurotransmitter involved in food disorder: serotonin
àserotonin: involved in moth
mood and eating
-researchers: perhaps, lack of serotonin = b/c and not leading to anorexia
ànot clear
-serotonin problems: also associated
w/ obsessions/compulsions
psychological approach (family/obsessions)
obsession =thought
compulsion =behaviors
àin both obsession/compulsion àdecline
of serotonin
-some people think:
anorexia is a kind of obsession/compulsive problem of weight
others see anorexia as a kind of depression.àget into bed and don’t want to get out àin later stages of anorexia = more depression
àdepression
is also more common in anorexic’s family.
-how much of it is bio and h.m. of it is family? Not clear.
Family pushed kids: Conformity
to the gender-role/achievements/
Parents: authoritarian/demanding personalities àhave prob. letting kid out.
There is a correlation b/w parents’ psychological prob. and kid’s anorexia
àas soon as kid is more healthy, parent neurotic/psychotic is increased.
ànow they have to deal w/ each other, and not w/ a specific, outside thing, which distracts them from their own probs.
àthere
are cases of kids who take upon themselves to b/c psychologically sick
in order to save family [and take upon themselves emotional/physical
abuse]
àseen
how 1 random kid out of all the family kids is getting the abuse while
all the rest of the relationships in the family seem ok. (in
order to distract from larger probs.)
culture
-anorexia started in 60’s in ‘tweaky’ and came to a peak in 90’s in the ‘heroine sheath’ (appearance of indentedly thin people)
àdeveloped from thin-model seeping culture
àModel’s
size of pants is decreasing now at 32 àin 80’s 36/8
-increase in sports/workout
places
-fashion business –always changes in order to keep on selling new stuff.
àalso based on tagged name. You can buy the same product for $20 or $2000 depending on name
àshows the issue of image in our culture
thinness is associated w/
achievements
associated w/ higher social status
self -control
forever-young
success
sexual attractiveness
àtherefore
it is reinforced
Social approach
-some claim that it is more
of a social problem than anything else, which is expressed in anorexia àanorexia
is a distorted solution to get control over lack of control in your
life
--
-Being fat: associated w/ lack
of will power/stupidity
the 3 approaches
1)bio approach
2)psych approach
3)social approach
feminist approach:
-women is confused role:
takes men’s roles at work
takes woman’s traditional role (i.e. at attractive/home)
à
be a ‘wonder woman’
-the more the women identifies
w/ this image, the more anorexics
anorexia therapy
-depends on which stage she comes into treatment
Combination of psych and medical.
Stages:
àb/c of family, often, relapse
àit used to be in a closed psychiatric hospital
ànow,
it could also be in an outpatient way: gain normal sense of self-control/obsessions.
-medicines usually didn’t
work
-33-yr follow up study
6% didn’t improve
18% died
highest psychiatric
disease death role of all psychiatric deseases.
May 21, 2002
Bulimia
Bulimia nervosa:
the ‘overeating disorder’:
Criteria:
up to 2 hour attacks
at least twice a week, for at least 3 months
Kinds of bulimia:
Purification bulimia:
using thinks to clean our body: diarrhea/throwing up/urination
behaviors: starvation/exercise
to loose weight
Imp: often eating
by one self/buying food by your-self
-Many have emotional problems, such as depression/guilt/anger at one self
àin anorexia, no element of guilt/anger
-some evidence of bulimia being part of controlling urges
sexual promiscuity
gambling
drugs
alcohol
-they don’t always get to the underweight that the anorexic person does
àbut their self-image is low: they feel
that they can’t control themselves
àdespite
that, their social functioning is better than those of anorexics
medical/health implications of the bulimia
-bulimia is also a psychological and also a medical problem.
àthere is a prob. w/ how they ‘purify’ themselves.
History of bulimia
-in beginning, bulimia was
thought to be part of anorexia
-Baruch: in 70’s in her book
labels them as the same.
-Only in 1989, is was seen as diff. but still as part as anorexia nervosa
ànot known, b/x the victims hid it
bul = bull
limia = hunger
èhunger
like as a bull
Talmud says that it is dangerous: it is a problematic eating disorder. eat honey as a medicine
In middle ages: irregular eating w/ throwing up
Perfectionism/achievement orientation/self-criticism
Prob. w/ expression of open emotions/dependency on family/need for warmth
Probs. W/ family: family cohesion/martial prob.
Depression/alcoholism/sexual
exploitation
-Sexual exploitation: shows
that you have no control over body àtry to regain control over your body
through the eating
Tovin/Griffin:
Trauma b/c of sexual exploitation/Self-hate àhelp dev. personality probs, like bulimia.
àmore of it: more throwing up
-cognitive/emotional elements of throwing up: to concentrate on it so you won’t concentrate on real probs.!
àor to clean yourself up from the exploitation
àother way: shower
-75% of sexual abuse victims: have bulimic symptoms
guilt
self-hate
depressions
personality probs. (dissociation/borderline)
sexual prob.
suicide attempts
study:
-some compared symptoms of sexual exploitation to eating disorders: vs. those w/o sexual exploitation but w/ bulimic
those who had sexual abuse: more mood disorders/phobias/personality probs./emotional
symptoms are stronger
Weller 1991:
Bulimics: more sexual abused past
Anorexic: lower sexual abuse than general population
-bulimia: could also be a coping strategy ànot only a symptom
àrelaqted to self-blame/self-criticism that is found in victims
-Bulimia is really an extension
of the self-blame
àself-blame is detrimental/destructive:
àdiff. b/w self-blame and reasonable
self-criticism
Study – 1993
-bulimics: higher than average cases of sexual abuse: b/f and after 12 yr. Of age
àhigher
# of bulimics among those who were victioms of abuse vs. general population’s
% of bulimics
Study 1997
-comparisom of sexual abuse/bulimia
# 1
= most self-hate
-65% of group #1, undergone
some sexual abuse, usually rape
#2
-37% -sexual abuse: giluy arayot
#3
-23%
#4
-7%
Incest àmost throwing up/controlled least eating habits/;most body satisfaction, than all others
àmore
prone to suicide/alcohol
àincest
could cause many probs. bulimia is just one of them
criticism: some
claim that rape is not enough àone must look at family background
study
-definitional prob: what is
rape?: so one took not the too extreme case, to be more representational
results: physical/sexual abuse is indeed higher than control group (w/ no prob)
àbut there are bulimic probs. in other
psychiatric probs. equally
conclusion: sexual abuse
in childhood increases psychiatric probs. in general.
Study: comparing diff. kinds of abuse
4 kinds of abuse:
sexual
physical
psychological
multi-aspect abusive
-Bulimics: psychological/physical:
most common.
-Childhood sexual abuse is
not necessarily a causer of bulimia, but the family cohesion is more
imp. In predicting it.
-sexual abuse: wide range of
psych. probs.: bulimia is just 1 of them. (it effects adolescent’s
image of body)
suicide
historical background: people killed themselves w/I craziness
àtherefore defines as irrational: ‘Lo
Shafui’
has psychological problems
àlose contact w/ reality through death
kobetz
X200 chance of suicide w/I psych. prob. adolescents that w/I regular adolescents
escape: from a harsh reality
punishment: punish himself for forbidden act
aggressive suicide: to punish other
àso society will look at others àadolescents do it often
àsaying ‘If you do x, I will die’
sacrifice: for society: i.e. in traditional family
for fun: to prove himself: i.e. roulette
àdoesn’t appear to be suicide but really is
àdegradation of life
à‘I will live forever’
àsome
sports – sublimation of suicide
Stengel (study in 50s)
-looked at 750 suicide attempts
àeven when failed, there was a chance to stop it
àcry
for help?
àsuicide
should be looked at w/I a social context ànot just an individual’s context
profile of a suicide victim
-no 1 clear factor
àbut there4 is an image of an adolescent who is:
sad
threaten to kill himself
self-punishment
presents himself as emotional
Males:
more impulsive
worrisome
perfectionism
suspicious
Females:
more crying
sexual difficulties
sadder weak
angry
not shown to be less stable
àconnected b/w suicide/learning difficulties
àharder
on their self-esteem
àsuicide
also connected to aggression
studies
Adolescents who committed suicide:
-2/3 had aggressive b/h probs.
studies
-more violenceàmore suicide
Study in 1988 in U.S.A.
more violence àmore serious suicide attempts
study: also correlation b/w suicide and drugs/alcohol
àalthough they just defer and not reduce
pain of reality
Everything: is connected
to impulsiveness: also when you attack yourself.
Other researchers assume:
2 kinds of suicide
some claim:
-suicide people: cognitive probs.
ài.e. less prob. solving
àespecially in hard situations
àdon’t know of an alternative
àmore
stress
--
Orbach: prob. coping of suicide-attempted adolescents:
Avoidance
Denial
Irrelevant solution
Recycles/reused the
impractical solutions even though they see that they are inuseful
-trusted that others will solve
their problems and not them
àb/c of lack of self-esteem/helplessness
àmore pessimistic regarding future.
June 4, 2002
others
-there are researchers which claim suicide is b/c of personality traits
àits too hard, so you have to look at social traits
àlike when culture shows us that we’re
a failure
-still, need to look at psychological:
Khan:
-you have to make a distinction
b/w people w/ suicide traits and those who don’t
ability to deal w/ anger w/ public
cognitive ability to think
of results
cognitive probs:
-emotional outbursts
-psychiatric pills àreduce his range of reactions
àthe question is where his neutral baseline is
-there is this general/overwhelming anger with reality/people
control àyou b/c depressed w/ lack of sense of control/b/c aggressive w/ weak ego àfeeling of losing of control
poor problem solving
àthis cognitive inflexibility in depressive/adolescents
àno ability to connect b/w reality’s
stressors and b/h
Other researchers deal w/ emotion rather than cognitions:
kovetch et at.: the most sig. Ability is the ability to have negative feelings, or problem
àno diff. b/w experiences in war b/w suicidal and non-suicidal Vietnam soldiers
hardest experience: killing
civilians
-84% of suicidal soldiers: feeling of losing of control
àfeeling shame or not, depends on what he felt when he did the act:
àif
he felt that killing civilians wasn’t under his control, he will keep
on having relapse of bad feelings/suicide àlack of control will return to haunt
him
àb/f
the war àthe
people weren’t suicidal
lack of control: also
found in bar-Josef’s research that adolescents also feel lack of control
2 groups of suicidal adolescents
conformity: feels of self-blame/over-worrying about being accepted by society
pre-conformity:
angry/impulsive/blames other/hard to see others side
Shenkman: diff. aspects of suicide
situational:
stressful feeling/wanting
to express something
aspects relating to will
find a solution (to the pain)
to stop the pain
emotional
cognitive
dichotomy thinking: black
or white: very narrow range of solutions àonly solution: death
relationships
the flow of life
in suicide victims: you
can see history of probs.: previous suicide/dichotomy thinking/etc…
-erikson’s identity stage: imp. That ind. dev. positive identity
àkid b/f that stage: overly positive identity, unless prob.
àin
adolescents, kid b/c aware of his true relations àcould change his identity, possibly
for the worse
-adolescents, build their identity
for the future: if fails, he could see his future is a negative way.
Study
Ego maturity:
the more the ego b/c complex/better, in prob. kids, in adolescents
stage, where ego-maturity occurs most: most suicide.
àself-blame/violence/drugs
b/c of b/h
family
Orbach: suicide àb/c of general, and not specific situation
àwe all have rejections in life, but
in suicide adolescents: prob. in family
àthere is something to the charm of death: meaning of life/death
àthey
fear life to see the adults just work and sleep and nothing else.
On the other hand, they also have the life drive: the charm of life:
also here, family is felt: if family = good àmore charm of life to counteract the
death drive
-adolescents have an internal
conflict: life vs. death
-family of adolescent can infl. in various ways:
kid need to learn autonomy: a separate identity from his family
not the same as bad relationship w/ parents: they need to respect the kid’s decisions
expectations: if parents expect too much/things other than the ones that the kid wants: feeling of failure: more suicide
family support:
kid needs to feel that he’ll be supported despite not being perfect
-in adolescence: all the family structure change: i.e. bring a g/f àsleep together(?)
àcan’t walk around the house in certain ways anymore